An off-the-shelf therapy that can be used immediately, rather than one that must be manufactured individually for each patient (such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, or CAR-Ts), can be a life-saving treatment for patients who encounter difficult-to-treat or rapidly progressing diseases, including many cancers. The promise of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) stems from their off-the-shelf nature and ability to bind to two or more different targets or epitopes, thereby performing multiple functions.